ARNOLD  MATHEMATICAL  JOURNAL
Editor-in-Chief:
     Sergei Tabachnikov
Managing Editor:
       Maxim Arnold

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Current Papers

  1. Representations of the group of two-diagonal triangular matrices
    Dmitry Fuchs, Alexandre Kirillov
    Arnold Mathematical Journal, Volume 12, Issue 1, 2026
    Received: 08 Jul 2025; Accepted: 25 Jan 2026
    DOI: 10.56994/ARMJ.012.005.001

    Abstract
    Let \(G\) be a Lie group, \({\mathfrak{g}}=\mathop{\rm Lie}(G)\) – its Lie algebra, \({\mathfrak{g}}^{\ast}\) – the dual vector space and \(\widehat{G}\) – the set of equivalence classes of unitary irreducible representations of \(G\). The orbit method [1] establishes a correspondence between points of \(\widehat{G}\) and \(G\)-orbits in \({\mathfrak{g}}^{\ast}\). For many Lie groups it gives the answers to all major problems of representation theory in terms of coadjoint orbits. Formally, the notions and statements of the orbit method make sense when \(G\) is infinite-dimensional Lie group, or an algebraic group over a topological field or ring \(K\), whose additive group is self dual (e.g., \(p\)-adic or finite).

    In this paper, we introduce a big family of finite groups \(G_{n}\), for which the orbit method works perfectly well. Namely, let \(N_{n}({\mathbb{K}})\) be the algebraic group of upper unitriangular \((n+1)\times(n+1)\) matrices with entries from \({\mathbb{K}}\), and \({\mathbb{F}}_{q}\) be the finite field with \(q\) elements. We define \(G_{n}\) as the quotient of of the group \(N_{n+1}({\mathbb{F}}_{q})\) over its second commutator subgroup.

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  2. Integrable geodesic flows with simultaneously diagonalisable quadratic integrals
    Sergey I. Agafonov, Vladimir S. Matveev
    Arnold Mathematical Journal, Volume 11, Issue 4, 2025
    Received 09 Nov 2024; Accepted 27 Nov 2024.
    DOI: 10.56994/ARMJ.011.004.001

    Abstract
    We show that if \(n\) functionally independent commutative quadratic in momenta integrals for the geodesic flow of a Riemannian or pseudo-Riemannian metric on an \(n\)-dimensional manifold are simultaneously diagonalisable at the tangent space to every point, then they come from the Stäckel construction, so the metric admits orthogonal separation of variables.
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  3. The Flapping Birds in the Pentagram Zoo
    Richard Evan Schwartz
    Arnold Mathematical Journal, Volume 11, Issue 4, 2025
    Received 24 Dec 2024; Accepted 7 May 2025.
    DOI: 10.56994/ARMJ.011.004.002

    Abstract
    We study the $(k+1,k)$ diagonal map for $k=2,3,4,...$. We call this map $\Delta_k$. The map $\Delta_1$ is the pentagram map and $\Delta_k$ is a generalization. $\Delta_k$ does not preserve convexity, but we prove that $\Delta_k$ preserves a subset $B_k$ of certain star-shaped polygons which we call $k$-{\it birds\/}. The action of $\Delta_k$ on $B_k$ seems similar to the action of $\Delta_1$ on the space of convex polygons. We show that some classic geometric results about $\Delta_1$ generalize to this setting.
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  4. A Novel Geometric Realization of the Yajima-Oikawa Equations
    Annalisa Calini and Thomas Ivey
    Arnold Mathematical Journal, Volume 11, Issue 4, 2025
    Received 17 Dec 2024; Accepted 23 May 2025
    DOI: 10.56994/ARMJ.011.004.003

    Abstract
    We show that the Yajima-Oikawa (YO) equations, a model of short wave-long wave interaction, arise from a simple geometric flow on curves in the 3-dimensional sphere $S^{3}$ that are transverse to the standard contact structure. For the family of periodic plane wave solutions of the YO equations studied by Wright, we construct the associated transverse curves, derive their closure condition, and exhibit several examples with non-trivial topology.
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  5. On dual-projectively equivalent connections associated to second order superintegrable systems
    Andreas Vollmer
    Arnold Mathematical Journal, Volume 11, Issue 4, 2025
    Received 27 Dec 2024; Accepted 28 May 2025
    DOI: 10.56994/ARMJ.011.004.004

    Abstract
    Pre-geodesics of an affine connection are the curves that are geodesics after a reparametrization (the analogous concept in Kähler geome- try is known as 𝐽-planar curves). Similarly, dual-geodesics on a Riemannian manifold are curves along which the 1-forms associated to the velocity are preserved after a reparametrization.

    Superintegrable systems are Hamiltonian systems with a large number of independent constants of the motion. They are said to be second order if the constants of the motion can be chosen to be quadratic polynomials in the momenta. Famous examples include the Kepler-Coulomb system and the isotropic harmonic oscillator.

    We show that certain torsion-free affine connections which are naturally associated to certain second order superintegrable systems share the same dual-geodesics.

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  6. Folding of quadrilaterals and Arnold-Liouville integrability
    Anton Izosimov
    Arnold Mathematical Journal, Volume 11, Issue 4, 2025
    Received 04 Apr 2025; Accepted 09 Jul 2025
    DOI: 10.56994/ARMJ.011.004.005

    Abstract
    We put Darboux’s porism on folding of quadrilaterals, as well as closely related Bottema’s zigzag porism, in the context of Arnold-Liouville integrability.
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  7. Spirals, tic-tac-toe partition, and deep diagonal maps
    Zhengyu Zou
    Arnold Mathematical Journal, Volume 11, Issue 4, 2025
    Received 25 Dec 2024; Accepted 9 Aug 2025
    DOI: 10.56994/ARMJ.011.004.006

    Abstract
    The deep diagonal map $T_k$ acts on planar polygons by connecting the $k$-th diagonals and intersecting them successively. The map $T_2$ is the pentagram map, and $T_k$ is a generalization.

    We study the action of $T_k$ on two subsets of the so-called twisted polygons, which we term \textit{type-$\alpha$ and type-$\beta$ $k$-spirals}. For $k \geq 2$, $T_{k}$ preserves both types of $k$-spirals. In particular, we show that for $k = 2$ and $k = 3$, both types of $k$-spirals have precompact forward and backward $T_k$-orbits modulo projective transformations. We derive a rational formula for $T_3$, which generalizes the $y$-variables transformation formula of the corresponding quiver mutation by M. Glick and P. Pylyavskyy. We also present four algebraic invariants of $T_3$. These special orbits in the moduli space are partitioned into cells of a $3 \times 3$ tic-tac-toe grid. This establishes the action of $T_k$ on $k$-spirals as a geometric generalization of $T_2$ on convex polygons.

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  8. On symplectic linearizable actions
    Eva Miranda
    Arnold Mathematical Journal, Volume 11, Issue 4, 2025
    Received 27 Dec 2024; Accepted 24 Aug 2025
    DOI: 10.56994/ARMJ.011.004.007

    Abstract
    We prove that linearizable actions are also symplectically linearizable (either smoothly or analytically) in a neighborhood of a fixed point. Specifically, the fundamental vector fields associated with the action can be simultaneously linearized in Darboux coordinates. This result extends {equivariant} symplectic local normal forms to non-compact group actions.

    In both formal and analytic frameworks, the existence of linearizing coordinates is tied to a cohomological equation, which admits a solution for semisimple actions [9,8]. Consequently, an analytic symplectic action of a semisimple Lie algebra can be locally linearized in Darboux coordinates, enabling the simultaneous analytic linearization of Hamiltonian vector fields near a shared zero. However, in the smooth setting, this result is restricted to semisimple Lie algebras of compact type. We construct an explicit example of a smooth, non-linearizable Hamiltonian action with a semisimple linear part, thereby answering in the negative a question posed by Eliasson [5].

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  9. Discrete Painlevé equations from pencils of quadrics in $\mathbb P^3$ with branching generators
    Jaume Alonso, Yuri B. Suris
    Arnold Mathematical Journal, Volume 11, Issue 4, 2025
    Received 02 Jun 2025; Accepted 07 Jan 2026
    DOI: 10.56994/ARMJ.011.004.008

    Abstract
    In this paper we extend the novel approach to discrete Painlev\'e equations initiated in our previous work [2]. A classification scheme for discrete Painlev\'e equations proposed by Sakai interprets them as birational isomorphisms between generalized Halphen surfaces (surfaces obtained from $\mathbb P^1\times\mathbb P^1$ by blowing up at eight points). Sakai's classification is thus based on the classification of generalized Halphen surfaces. In our scheme, the family of generalized Halphen surfaces is replaced by a pencil of quadrics in $\mathbb P^3$. A discrete Painlev\'e equation is viewed as an autonomous transformation of $\mathbb P^3$ that preserves the pencil and maps each quadric of the pencil to a different one. Thus, our scheme is based on the classification of pencils of quadrics in $\mathbb P^3$. Compared to our previous work, here we consider a technically more demanding case where the characteristic polynomial $\Delta(\lambda)$ of the pencil of quadrics is not a complete square. As a consequence, traversing the pencil via a 3D Painlev\'e map corresponds to a translation on the universal cover of the Riemann surface of $\sqrt{\Delta(\lambda)}$, rather than to a M\"obius transformation of the pencil parameter $\lambda$ as in [2].
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  10. Bouncing Outer Billiards
    Andrey Gogolev, Levi Keck, Kevin Lewis
    Arnold Mathematical Journal, Volume 11, Issue 3, 2025
    Received 09 Mar 2025; Accepted 22 Jul 2025
    DOI: 10.56994/ARMJ.011.003.005

    Abstract
    We introduce a new class of billiard-like system, ``bouncing outer billiards", which are 3-dimensional cousins of outer billiards of Neumann and Moser. We prove that the bouncing outer billiards system on a smooth convex body has at least four 1-parameter families of fixed points. We also fully describe the dynamics of bouncing outer billiards on a line segment. Finally, we carry out numerical experiments suggesting very complicated (non-ergodic) behavior for several shapes, including the square and an ellipse.
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  11. Circumscribed Circles in Integer Geometry
    Oleg Karpenkov, Anna Pratoussevitch, Rebecca Sheppard
    Arnold Mathematical Journal, Volume 11, Issue 3, 2025
    Received 17 Dec 2024; Accepted 7 May 2025
    DOI: 10.56994/ARMJ.011.003.002

    Abstract
    Integer geometry on a plane deals with objects whose vertices are points in $\mathbb Z^2$. The congruence relation is provided by all affine transformations preserving the lattice $\mathbb Z^2$. In this paper we study circumscribed circles in integer geometry. We introduce the notions of integer and rational circumscribed circles of integer sets. We determine the conditions for a finite integer set to admit an integer circumscribed circle and describe the spectra of radii for integer and rational circumscribed circles.
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  12. Ancient curve shortening flow in the disc with mixed boundary condition
    Mat Langford, Yuxing Liu, George McNamara
    Arnold Mathematical Journal, Volume 11, Issue 3, 2025
    Received: 4 September 2024; Accepted: 10 March 2025
    DOI: 10.56994/ARMJ.011.003.004

    Abstract
    Given any non-central interior point $o$ of the unit disc $D$, the diameter $L$ through $o$ is the union of two linear arcs emanating from $o$ which meet $\partial D$ orthogonally, the shorter of them stable and the longer unstable (under these boundary conditions). In each of the two half discs bounded by $L$, we construct a convex eternal solution to curve shortening flow which fixes $o$ and meets $\partial D$ orthogonally, and evolves out of the unstable critical arc at $t=-\infty$ and into the stable one at $t=+\infty$. We then prove that these two (congruent) solutions are the only non-flat convex ancient solutions to the curve shortening flow satisfying the specified boundary conditions. We obtain analogous conclusions in the ``degenerate'' case $o\in\partial D$ as well, although in this case the solution contracts to the point $o$ at a finite time with asymptotic shape that of a half Grim Reaper, thus providing an interesting example for which an embedded flow develops a collapsing singularity.
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  13. Discretization of the sub-Riemannian Heisenberg group
    Evgeny G. Malkovich
    Arnold Mathematical Journal, Volume 11, Issue 3, 2025
    Received: 22 September 2024; Accepted: 9 February 2025.
    DOI: 10.56994/ARMJ.011.003.001

    Abstract
    In this article, we present a discrete model of the sub-Riemannian Heisenberg group $\mathcal{H}$, which serves as an analog of a triangulation of a two-dimensional surface embedded in $\mathbb{R}^3$. The constructed discrete model is represented by a spatial graph $\Gamma_r$ with weighted edges. The shortest paths within $\Gamma_r$ approximate geodesics in $\mathcal{H}$.
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  14. On fields of meromorphic functions on neighborhoods of rational curves
    Serge Lvovski
    Arnold Mathematical Journal, Volume 11, Issue 2, 2025
    Received: 3 September 2024; Accepted: 9 February 2025.
    DOI: 10.56994/ARMJ.011.002.003

    Abstract
    Suppose that $F$ is a smooth and connected complex surface (not necessarily compact) containing a smooth rational curve with positive self-intersection. We prove that if there exists a non-constant meromorphic function on $F$, then the field of meromorphic functions on $F$ is isomorphic to the field of rational functions in one or two variables over $\mathbb C$.
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  15. Arithmetic on $q$-deformed rational numbers
    Takeyoshi Kogiso, Kengo Miyamoto, Xin Ren, Michihisa Wakui and Kohji Yanagawa
    Arnold Mathematical Journal, Volume 11, Issue 3, 2025
    Received: 28 October 2024, Accepted: 21 November 2024.
    DOI: 10.56994/ARMJ.011.003.003

    Abstract
    Recently, Morier-Genoud and Ovsienko introduced a $q$-{deformation} of rational numbers. More precisely, for an irreducible fraction $\frac{r}s>0$, they constructed coprime polynomials $\mathcal R_{\frac{r}s}(q), ~\mathcal S_{\frac{r}s}(q) \in \mathbb Z[q]$ with $\mathcal R_{\frac{r}s}(1)=r, \mathcal S_{\frac{r}s}(1)=s$. Their theory has a rich background and many applications. By definition, if $r \equiv r' \pmod{s}$, then $\mathcal S_{\frac{r}s}(q)=\mathcal S_{\frac{r'}s}(q)$. We show that $rr'{\equiv} -1 \pmod{s}$ implies $\mathcal S_{\frac{r}s}(q)=\mathcal S_{\frac{r'}s}(q)$, and it is conjectured that the converse holds if $s$ is prime (and $r \not \equiv r' \pmod{s}$). We also show that $s$ is a multiple of 3 (resp. 4) if and only if $\mathcal S_{\frac{r}s}(\zeta)=0$ for $\zeta=(-1+\sqrt{-3})/2$ (resp. $\zeta=i$). We give applications to the representation theory of quivers of type $A$ and the Jones polynomials of rational links.
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  16. Classification of NMS-flows with unique twisted saddle orbit on orientable 4-manifolds
    Vladislav Galkin, Olga Pochinka and Danila Shubin
    Arnold Mathematical Journal, Volume 11, Issue 1, 2025
    Received: 10 March 2024; Accepted: 15 October 2024.
    DOI: 10.56994/ARMJ.011.001.006

    Abstract
    Topological equivalence of Morse-Smale flows without fixed points (NMS-flows) under assumptions of different generalities was studied in a number of papers. In some cases when the number of periodic orbits is small, it is possible to give exhaustive classification, namely to provide the list of all manifolds that admit flows of considered class, find complete invariant for topological equivalence and introduce each equivalence class with some representative flow. This work continues the series of such articles. We consider the class of NMS-flows with unique saddle orbit, under the assumption that it is twisted, on closed orientable 4-manifolds and prove that the only 4-manifold admitting the considered flows is the manifold $\mathbb S^3\times\mathbb S^1$. Also, it is established that such flows are split into exactly eight equivalence classes and construction of a representative for each equivalence class is provided.
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  17. A simple construction of the field of Witt vectors
    Vladimir Fock
    Arnold Mathematical Journal, Volume 11, Issue 1, 2025
    Received: March 10 2024; Accepted: October 10 2024.
    DOI: 10.56994/ARMJ.011.001.001

    Abstract
    We present a short, hopefully pedagogical construction of the field and ring of Witt vectors. It uses a natural binary operation on polynomials of one variable, which we call convolution.
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  18. Contact geometry of Hill's approximation in a spatial restricted four-body problem
    Cengiz Aydin
    Arnold Mathematical Journal, Volume 11, Issue 1, 2025
    Received: 10 March 2024; Accepted: 16 October 2024.
    DOI: 10.56994/ARMJ.011.001.005

    Abstract
    It is well-known that the planar and spatial circular restricted three-body problem (CR3BP) is of contact type for all energy values below the first critical value. Burgos-García and Gidea extended Hill's approach in the CR3BP to the spatial equilateral CR4BP, which can be used to approximate the dynamics of a small body near a Trojan asteroid of a Sun--planet system. Our main result in this paper is that this Hill four-body system also has the contact property. In other words, we can ``contact'' the Trojan. Such a result enables to use holomorphic curve techniques and Floer theoretical tools in this dynamical system in the energy range where the contact property holds.
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  19. Kustaanheimo-Stiefel Transformation, Birkhoff-Waldvogel Transformation and Integrable Mechanical Billiards
    Airi Takeuchi and Lei Zhao
    Arnold Mathematical Journal, Volume 11, Issue 2, 2025
    Received: 28 October 2024; Accepted: 21 November 2024.
    DOI: 10.56994/ARMJ.011.002.002

    Abstract
    The three-dimensional Kepler problem is related to the four-dimensional isotropic harmonic oscillators by the Kustaanheimo-Stiefel transformation. In the first part of this paper, we study how certain integrable mechanical billiards are related by this transformation. This in part illustrates the rotation-invariance of integrable reflection walls in the three-dimensional Kepler billiards found so far. The second part of this paper deals with the Birkhoff-Waldvogel Transformation of the three-dimensional problem wiht two Kepler centers. In particular, we establish an analogous theory of Levi-Civita planes for the Birkhoff-Waldvogel Transformation and show the integrability of certain three-dimensional two-center billiards via a different approach.
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  20. On intersection of lemniscates of rational functions
    Stepan Orevkov and Fedor Pakovich
    Arnold Mathematical Journal, Volume 11, issue 1, 2025
    Received: 10 March 2024; Accepted 10 October 2024.
    DOI: 10.56994/ARMJ.011.001.002

    Abstract
    For a non-constant complex rational function $P$, the {\it lemniscate} of $P$ is defined as the set of points $z\in \mathbb C$ such that $\vert P(z)\vert =1$. The lemniscate of $P$ coincides with the set of real points of the algebraic curve given by the equation $L_P(x,y)=0$, where $L_P(x,y)$ is the numerator of the rational function $P(x+iy)\overline{ P}(x-iy)-1.$ In this paper, we study the following two questions: under what conditions two lemniscates have a common component, and under what conditions the algebraic curve $L_P(x,y)=0$ is irreducible. In particular, we provide a sharp bound for the number of complex solutions of the system $\vert P_1(z)\vert =\vert P_2(z)\vert =1$, where $P_1$ and $P_2$ are rational functions.
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  21. Gravitational billiard - bouncing in a paraboloid cavity
    Daniel Jaud
    Arnold Mathematical Journal, Volume 11, Issue 1, 2025
    Received 10 March 2024. Accepted: 10 October 2024.
    DOI: 10.56994/ARMJ.011.001.004

    Abstract
    In this work the confined domains for a point-like particle propagating within the boundary of an ideally reflecting paraboloid mirror are derived. Thereby it is proven that all consecutive flight parabola foci points lie on the surface of a common sphere of radius $R$. The main results are illustrated in various limiting cases and are compared to its one-dimensional counterpart. In the maximum angular momentum configuration we explicitly state the coordinates of the particle at any time within the cavity.
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  22. Hodge theory on tropical curves
    Yury V. Eliyashev
    Arnold Mathematical Journal, Volume 11, Issue 1, 2025
    Received 10 January 2024. Accepted 10 September 2024.
    DOI: 10.56994/ARMJ.011.001.003

    Abstract
    We construct an analog of the Hodge theory on complex manifolds in the case of tropical curves. We use the analytical approach to the problem, it is based on language of tropical differential forms and methods of $L^2-$cohomologies. In particular, the cohomology groups of a tropical curve can be defined via the de Rham complex of tropical differential forms. We translate standard notions of the complex Hodge theory: the Kähler form, the Hodge star operator, the Laplace-Beltrami operator to the tropical case. The main result of the article is that the tropical Laplace-Beltrami operator is a self-adjoint unbounded operator and the cohomology groups of a tropical curve are isomorphic to the spaces of harmonic forms on this curve.
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  23. Non-fillability of overtwisted contact manifolds via polyfolds
    Wolfgang Schmaltz, Stefan Suhr and Kai Zehmisch
    Arnold Mathematical Journal, Volume 11, Issue 2, 2025
    Received: 3 October 2024. Accepted: 15 October 2024.
    DOI: 10.56994/ARMJ.011.002.001

    Abstract
    We prove that any weakly symplectically fillable contact manifold is tight. Furthermore we verify the strong Weinstein conjecture for contact manifolds that appear as the concave boundary of a directed symplectic cobordism whose positive boundary satisfies the weak-filling condition and is overtwisted. Similar results are obtained in the presence of bordered Legendrian open books whose binding–complement has vanishing second Stiefel–Whitney class. The results are obtained via polyfolds.
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Recent Issues



Articles of issue 11:4

  1. Integrable geodesic flows with simultaneously diagonalisable quadratic integrals
    Sergey I. Agafonov, Vladimir S. Matveev
    Arnold Mathematical Journal, Volume 11, Issue 4, 2025
    Received 09 Nov 2024; Accepted 27 Nov 2024.
    DOI: 10.56994/ARMJ.011.004.001

    Abstract
    We show that if \(n\) functionally independent commutative quadratic in momenta integrals for the geodesic flow of a Riemannian or pseudo-Riemannian metric on an \(n\)-dimensional manifold are simultaneously diagonalisable at the tangent space to every point, then they come from the Stäckel construction, so the metric admits orthogonal separation of variables.
    PDF
    HTML (VersoTeX)
  2. The Flapping Birds in the Pentagram Zoo
    Richard Evan Schwartz
    Arnold Mathematical Journal, Volume 11, Issue 4, 2025
    Received 24 Dec 2024; Accepted 7 May 2025.
    DOI: 10.56994/ARMJ.011.004.002

    Abstract
    We study the $(k+1,k)$ diagonal map for $k=2,3,4,...$. We call this map $\Delta_k$. The map $\Delta_1$ is the pentagram map and $\Delta_k$ is a generalization. $\Delta_k$ does not preserve convexity, but we prove that $\Delta_k$ preserves a subset $B_k$ of certain star-shaped polygons which we call $k$-{\it birds\/}. The action of $\Delta_k$ on $B_k$ seems similar to the action of $\Delta_1$ on the space of convex polygons. We show that some classic geometric results about $\Delta_1$ generalize to this setting.
    PDF
    HTML (VersoTeX)
  3. A Novel Geometric Realization of the Yajima-Oikawa Equations
    Annalisa Calini and Thomas Ivey
    Arnold Mathematical Journal, Volume 11, Issue 4, 2025
    Received 17 Dec 2024; Accepted 23 May 2025
    DOI: 10.56994/ARMJ.011.004.003

    Abstract
    We show that the Yajima-Oikawa (YO) equations, a model of short wave-long wave interaction, arise from a simple geometric flow on curves in the 3-dimensional sphere $S^{3}$ that are transverse to the standard contact structure. For the family of periodic plane wave solutions of the YO equations studied by Wright, we construct the associated transverse curves, derive their closure condition, and exhibit several examples with non-trivial topology.
    PDF
    HTML (VersoTeX)
  4. On dual-projectively equivalent connections associated to second order superintegrable systems
    Andreas Vollmer
    Arnold Mathematical Journal, Volume 11, Issue 4, 2025
    Received 27 Dec 2024; Accepted 28 May 2025
    DOI: 10.56994/ARMJ.011.004.004

    Abstract
    Pre-geodesics of an affine connection are the curves that are geodesics after a reparametrization (the analogous concept in Kähler geome- try is known as 𝐽-planar curves). Similarly, dual-geodesics on a Riemannian manifold are curves along which the 1-forms associated to the velocity are preserved after a reparametrization.

    Superintegrable systems are Hamiltonian systems with a large number of independent constants of the motion. They are said to be second order if the constants of the motion can be chosen to be quadratic polynomials in the momenta. Famous examples include the Kepler-Coulomb system and the isotropic harmonic oscillator.

    We show that certain torsion-free affine connections which are naturally associated to certain second order superintegrable systems share the same dual-geodesics.

    PDF
    HTML (VersoTeX)
  5. Folding of quadrilaterals and Arnold-Liouville integrability
    Anton Izosimov
    Arnold Mathematical Journal, Volume 11, Issue 4, 2025
    Received 04 Apr 2025; Accepted 09 Jul 2025
    DOI: 10.56994/ARMJ.011.004.005

    Abstract
    We put Darboux’s porism on folding of quadrilaterals, as well as closely related Bottema’s zigzag porism, in the context of Arnold-Liouville integrability.
    PDF
    HTML (VersoTeX)
  6. Spirals, tic-tac-toe partition, and deep diagonal maps
    Zhengyu Zou
    Arnold Mathematical Journal, Volume 11, Issue 4, 2025
    Received 25 Dec 2024; Accepted 9 Aug 2025
    DOI: 10.56994/ARMJ.011.004.006

    Abstract
    The deep diagonal map $T_k$ acts on planar polygons by connecting the $k$-th diagonals and intersecting them successively. The map $T_2$ is the pentagram map, and $T_k$ is a generalization.

    We study the action of $T_k$ on two subsets of the so-called twisted polygons, which we term \textit{type-$\alpha$ and type-$\beta$ $k$-spirals}. For $k \geq 2$, $T_{k}$ preserves both types of $k$-spirals. In particular, we show that for $k = 2$ and $k = 3$, both types of $k$-spirals have precompact forward and backward $T_k$-orbits modulo projective transformations. We derive a rational formula for $T_3$, which generalizes the $y$-variables transformation formula of the corresponding quiver mutation by M. Glick and P. Pylyavskyy. We also present four algebraic invariants of $T_3$. These special orbits in the moduli space are partitioned into cells of a $3 \times 3$ tic-tac-toe grid. This establishes the action of $T_k$ on $k$-spirals as a geometric generalization of $T_2$ on convex polygons.

    PDF
    HTML (VersoTeX)
  7. On symplectic linearizable actions
    Eva Miranda
    Arnold Mathematical Journal, Volume 11, Issue 4, 2025
    Received 27 Dec 2024; Accepted 24 Aug 2025
    DOI: 10.56994/ARMJ.011.004.007

    Abstract
    We prove that linearizable actions are also symplectically linearizable (either smoothly or analytically) in a neighborhood of a fixed point. Specifically, the fundamental vector fields associated with the action can be simultaneously linearized in Darboux coordinates. This result extends {equivariant} symplectic local normal forms to non-compact group actions.

    In both formal and analytic frameworks, the existence of linearizing coordinates is tied to a cohomological equation, which admits a solution for semisimple actions [9,8]. Consequently, an analytic symplectic action of a semisimple Lie algebra can be locally linearized in Darboux coordinates, enabling the simultaneous analytic linearization of Hamiltonian vector fields near a shared zero. However, in the smooth setting, this result is restricted to semisimple Lie algebras of compact type. We construct an explicit example of a smooth, non-linearizable Hamiltonian action with a semisimple linear part, thereby answering in the negative a question posed by Eliasson [5].

    PDF
    HTML (VersoTeX)
  8. Discrete Painlevé equations from pencils of quadrics in $\mathbb P^3$ with branching generators
    Jaume Alonso, Yuri B. Suris
    Arnold Mathematical Journal, Volume 11, Issue 4, 2025
    Received 02 Jun 2025; Accepted 07 Jan 2026
    DOI: 10.56994/ARMJ.011.004.008

    Abstract
    In this paper we extend the novel approach to discrete Painlev\'e equations initiated in our previous work [2]. A classification scheme for discrete Painlev\'e equations proposed by Sakai interprets them as birational isomorphisms between generalized Halphen surfaces (surfaces obtained from $\mathbb P^1\times\mathbb P^1$ by blowing up at eight points). Sakai's classification is thus based on the classification of generalized Halphen surfaces. In our scheme, the family of generalized Halphen surfaces is replaced by a pencil of quadrics in $\mathbb P^3$. A discrete Painlev\'e equation is viewed as an autonomous transformation of $\mathbb P^3$ that preserves the pencil and maps each quadric of the pencil to a different one. Thus, our scheme is based on the classification of pencils of quadrics in $\mathbb P^3$. Compared to our previous work, here we consider a technically more demanding case where the characteristic polynomial $\Delta(\lambda)$ of the pencil of quadrics is not a complete square. As a consequence, traversing the pencil via a 3D Painlev\'e map corresponds to a translation on the universal cover of the Riemann surface of $\sqrt{\Delta(\lambda)}$, rather than to a M\"obius transformation of the pencil parameter $\lambda$ as in [2].
    PDF
    HTML (VersoTeX)




Articles of issue 11:3

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  1. Discretization of the sub-Riemannian Heisenberg group
    Evgeny G. Malkovich
    Arnold Mathematical Journal, Volume 11, Issue 3, 2025
    Received: 22 September 2024; Accepted: 9 February 2025.
    DOI: 10.56994/ARMJ.011.003.001

    Abstract
    In this article, we present a discrete model of the sub-Riemannian Heisenberg group $\mathcal{H}$, which serves as an analog of a triangulation of a two-dimensional surface embedded in $\mathbb{R}^3$. The constructed discrete model is represented by a spatial graph $\Gamma_r$ with weighted edges. The shortest paths within $\Gamma_r$ approximate geodesics in $\mathcal{H}$.
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  2. Circumscribed Circles in Integer Geometry
    Oleg Karpenkov, Anna Pratoussevitch, Rebecca Sheppard
    Arnold Mathematical Journal, Volume 11, Issue 3, 2025
    Received 17 Dec 2024; Accepted 7 May 2025
    DOI: 10.56994/ARMJ.011.003.002

    Abstract
    Integer geometry on a plane deals with objects whose vertices are points in $\mathbb Z^2$. The congruence relation is provided by all affine transformations preserving the lattice $\mathbb Z^2$. In this paper we study circumscribed circles in integer geometry. We introduce the notions of integer and rational circumscribed circles of integer sets. We determine the conditions for a finite integer set to admit an integer circumscribed circle and describe the spectra of radii for integer and rational circumscribed circles.
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  3. Arithmetic on $q$-deformed rational numbers
    Takeyoshi Kogiso, Kengo Miyamoto, Xin Ren, Michihisa Wakui and Kohji Yanagawa
    Arnold Mathematical Journal, Volume 11, Issue 3, 2025
    Received: 28 October 2024, Accepted: 21 November 2024.
    DOI: 10.56994/ARMJ.011.003.003

    Abstract
    Recently, Morier-Genoud and Ovsienko introduced a $q$-{deformation} of rational numbers. More precisely, for an irreducible fraction $\frac{r}s>0$, they constructed coprime polynomials $\mathcal R_{\frac{r}s}(q), ~\mathcal S_{\frac{r}s}(q) \in \mathbb Z[q]$ with $\mathcal R_{\frac{r}s}(1)=r, \mathcal S_{\frac{r}s}(1)=s$. Their theory has a rich background and many applications. By definition, if $r \equiv r' \pmod{s}$, then $\mathcal S_{\frac{r}s}(q)=\mathcal S_{\frac{r'}s}(q)$. We show that $rr'{\equiv} -1 \pmod{s}$ implies $\mathcal S_{\frac{r}s}(q)=\mathcal S_{\frac{r'}s}(q)$, and it is conjectured that the converse holds if $s$ is prime (and $r \not \equiv r' \pmod{s}$). We also show that $s$ is a multiple of 3 (resp. 4) if and only if $\mathcal S_{\frac{r}s}(\zeta)=0$ for $\zeta=(-1+\sqrt{-3})/2$ (resp. $\zeta=i$). We give applications to the representation theory of quivers of type $A$ and the Jones polynomials of rational links.
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  4. Ancient curve shortening flow in the disc with mixed boundary condition
    Mat Langford, Yuxing Liu, George McNamara
    Arnold Mathematical Journal, Volume 11, Issue 3, 2025
    Received: 4 September 2024; Accepted: 10 March 2025
    DOI: 10.56994/ARMJ.011.003.004

    Abstract
    Given any non-central interior point $o$ of the unit disc $D$, the diameter $L$ through $o$ is the union of two linear arcs emanating from $o$ which meet $\partial D$ orthogonally, the shorter of them stable and the longer unstable (under these boundary conditions). In each of the two half discs bounded by $L$, we construct a convex eternal solution to curve shortening flow which fixes $o$ and meets $\partial D$ orthogonally, and evolves out of the unstable critical arc at $t=-\infty$ and into the stable one at $t=+\infty$. We then prove that these two (congruent) solutions are the only non-flat convex ancient solutions to the curve shortening flow satisfying the specified boundary conditions. We obtain analogous conclusions in the ``degenerate'' case $o\in\partial D$ as well, although in this case the solution contracts to the point $o$ at a finite time with asymptotic shape that of a half Grim Reaper, thus providing an interesting example for which an embedded flow develops a collapsing singularity.
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  5. Bouncing Outer Billiards
    Andrey Gogolev, Levi Keck, Kevin Lewis
    Arnold Mathematical Journal, Volume 11, Issue 3, 2025
    Received 09 Mar 2025; Accepted 22 Jul 2025
    DOI: 10.56994/ARMJ.011.003.005

    Abstract
    We introduce a new class of billiard-like system, ``bouncing outer billiards", which are 3-dimensional cousins of outer billiards of Neumann and Moser. We prove that the bouncing outer billiards system on a smooth convex body has at least four 1-parameter families of fixed points. We also fully describe the dynamics of bouncing outer billiards on a line segment. Finally, we carry out numerical experiments suggesting very complicated (non-ergodic) behavior for several shapes, including the square and an ellipse.
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Articles of issue 11:2

  1. Non-fillability of overtwisted contact manifolds via polyfolds
    Wolfgang Schmaltz, Stefan Suhr and Kai Zehmisch
    Arnold Mathematical Journal, Volume 11, Issue 2, 2025
    Received: 3 October 2024. Accepted: 15 October 2024.
    DOI: 10.56994/ARMJ.011.002.001

    Abstract
    We prove that any weakly symplectically fillable contact manifold is tight. Furthermore we verify the strong Weinstein conjecture for contact manifolds that appear as the concave boundary of a directed symplectic cobordism whose positive boundary satisfies the weak-filling condition and is overtwisted. Similar results are obtained in the presence of bordered Legendrian open books whose binding–complement has vanishing second Stiefel–Whitney class. The results are obtained via polyfolds.
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  2. Kustaanheimo-Stiefel Transformation, Birkhoff-Waldvogel Transformation and Integrable Mechanical Billiards
    Airi Takeuchi and Lei Zhao
    Arnold Mathematical Journal, Volume 11, Issue 2, 2025
    Received: 28 October 2024; Accepted: 21 November 2024.
    DOI: 10.56994/ARMJ.011.002.002

    Abstract
    The three-dimensional Kepler problem is related to the four-dimensional isotropic harmonic oscillators by the Kustaanheimo-Stiefel transformation. In the first part of this paper, we study how certain integrable mechanical billiards are related by this transformation. This in part illustrates the rotation-invariance of integrable reflection walls in the three-dimensional Kepler billiards found so far. The second part of this paper deals with the Birkhoff-Waldvogel Transformation of the three-dimensional problem wiht two Kepler centers. In particular, we establish an analogous theory of Levi-Civita planes for the Birkhoff-Waldvogel Transformation and show the integrability of certain three-dimensional two-center billiards via a different approach.
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  3. On fields of meromorphic functions on neighborhoods of rational curves
    Serge Lvovski
    Arnold Mathematical Journal, Volume 11, Issue 2, 2025
    Received: 3 September 2024; Accepted: 9 February 2025.
    DOI: 10.56994/ARMJ.011.002.003

    Abstract
    Suppose that $F$ is a smooth and connected complex surface (not necessarily compact) containing a smooth rational curve with positive self-intersection. We prove that if there exists a non-constant meromorphic function on $F$, then the field of meromorphic functions on $F$ is isomorphic to the field of rational functions in one or two variables over $\mathbb C$.
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Articles of issue 11:1

  1. Vladimir Fock
    A simple construction of the field of Witt vectors
    Arnold Mathematical Journal, Volume 11, Issue 1, 2025, 1-6.
    Received: March 10 2024; Accepted: October 10 2024.
    DOI: 10.56994/ARMJ.011.001.001

    Abstract
    We present a short, hopefully pedagogical construction of the field and ring of Witt vectors. It uses a natural binary operation on polynomials of one variable, which we call convolution.
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  2. Stepan Orevkov and Fedor Pakovich
    On intersection of lemniscates of rational functions
    Arnold Mathematical Journal, Volume 11, Issue 1, 2025, 7-26.
    Received: 10 March 2024; Accepted 10 October 2024.
    DOI: 10.56994/ARMJ.011.001.002

    Abstract
    For a non-constant complex rational function $P$, the {\it lemniscate} of $P$ is defined as the set of points $z\in \mathbb C$ such that $\vert P(z)\vert =1$. The lemniscate of $P$ coincides with the set of real points of the algebraic curve given by the equation $L_P(x,y)=0$, where $L_P(x,y)$ is the numerator of the rational function $P(x+iy)\overline{ P}(x-iy)-1.$ In this paper, we study the following two questions: under what conditions two lemniscates have a common component, and under what conditions the algebraic curve $L_P(x,y)=0$ is irreducible. In particular, we provide a sharp bound for the number of complex solutions of the system $\vert P_1(z)\vert =\vert P_2(z)\vert =1$, where $P_1$ and $P_2$ are rational functions.
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  3. Yury V. Eliyashev
    Hodge theory on tropical curves
    Arnold Mathematical Journal, Volume 11, Issue 1, 2025, 27-77.
    Received 10 January 2024. Accepted 10 September 2024.
    DOI: 10.56994/ARMJ.011.001.003

    Abstract
    We construct an analog of the Hodge theory on complex manifolds in the case of tropical curves. We use the analytical approach to the problem, it is based on language of tropical differential forms and methods of $L^2-$cohomologies. In particular, the cohomology groups of a tropical curve can be defined via the de Rham complex of tropical differential forms. We translate standard notions of the complex Hodge theory: the Kähler form, the Hodge star operator, the Laplace-Beltrami operator to the tropical case. The main result of the article is that the tropical Laplace-Beltrami operator is a self-adjoint unbounded operator and the cohomology groups of a tropical curve are isomorphic to the spaces of harmonic forms on this curve.
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  4. Daniel Jaud
    Gravitational billiard - bouncing in a paraboloid cavity
    Arnold Mathematical Journal, Volume 11, Issue 1, 2025, 78-97.
    Received 10 March 2024. Accepted: 10 October 2024.
    DOI: 10.56994/ARMJ.011.001.004

    Abstract
    In this work the confined domains for a point-like particle propagating within the boundary of an ideally reflecting paraboloid mirror are derived. Thereby it is proven that all consecutive flight parabola foci points lie on the surface of a common sphere of radius $R$. The main results are illustrated in various limiting cases and are compared to its one-dimensional counterpart. In the maximum angular momentum configuration we explicitly state the coordinates of the particle at any time within the cavity.
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  5. Cengiz Aydin
    Contact geometry of Hill's approximation in a spatial restricted four-body problem
    Arnold Mathematical Journal, Volume 11, Issue 1, 2025, 98-126.
    Received: 10 March 2024; Accepted: 10 October 2024.
    DOI: 10.56994/ARMJ.011.001.005

    Abstract
    It is well-known that the planar and spatial circular restricted three-body problem (CR3BP) is of contact type for all energy values below the first critical value. Burgos-García and Gidea extended Hill's approach in the CR3BP to the spatial equilateral CR4BP, which can be used to approximate the dynamics of a small body near a Trojan asteroid of a Sun--planet system. Our main result in this paper is that this Hill four-body system also has the contact property. In other words, we can ``contact'' the Trojan. Such a result enables to use holomorphic curve techniques and Floer theoretical tools in this dynamical system in the energy range where the contact property holds.
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  6. Vladislav Galkin, Olga Pochinka and Danila Shubin
    Classification of NMS-flows with unique twisted saddle orbit on orientable 4-manifolds
    Arnold Mathematical Journal, Volume 11, Issue 1, 2025, 127-147.
    Received: 10 March 2024; Accepted: 10 October 2024.
    DOI: 10.56994/ARMJ.011.001.006

    Abstract
    Topological equivalence of Morse-Smale flows without fixed points (NMS-flows) under assumptions of different generalities was studied in a number of papers. In some cases when the number of periodic orbits is small, it is possible to give exhaustive classification, namely to provide the list of all manifolds that admit flows of considered class, find complete invariant for topological equivalence and introduce each equivalence class with some representative flow. This work continues the series of such articles. We consider the class of NMS-flows with unique saddle orbit, under the assumption that it is twisted, on closed orientable 4-manifolds and prove that the only 4-manifold admitting the considered flows is the manifold $\mathbb S^3\times\mathbb S^1$. Also, it is established that such flows are split into exactly eight equivalence classes and construction of a representative for each equivalence class is provided.
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Archive 2015-2024

Journal Description

This journal intends to present mathematics so that it would be understandable and interesting to mathematicians independently on their narrow research fields. We invite articles exercising all formal and informal approaches to "unhide" the process of mathematical discovery.

The name of the journal is not only a dedication to the memory of Vladimir Igorevich Arnold (1937-2010), one of the most influential mathematicians of the twentieth century, but also a declaration that the journal hopes to maintain and promote the style which makes the best mathematical works by Arnold so enjoyable and which Arnold implemented in the journals where he was an editor-in-chief.

The ArMJ is run jointly by the Institute for Mathematical Sciences (IMS) at Stony Brook, USA, and The Association for Mathematical Research.

The journal is Diamond Open Access. It is is indexed in MathSciNet and ZentralBlatt.

Objectives

The journal intends to publish interesting and understandable results in all areas of Mathematics. The following are the most desirable features of publications that will serve as selection criteria:

  • Accessibility

    The journal articles should be accessible to a very wide community of mathematicians. Not only formal definitions that are necessary for understanding must be provided but also informal motivations even if they are well-known to the experts in the field. If a general statement is given, then the simplest examples of it are also welcome.

  • Interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary mathematics

    We would like to have many research expositions that connect different mathematical subjects. Connections that are useful in both ways are of particular importance. Multidisciplinary research (even if the disciplines all belong to pure mathematics) is generally hard to evaluate, except for the most popular combinations such as algebraic geometry and mathematical physics, analysis and dynamical systems, algebra and combinatorics, and the like. For this reason, this kind of research is often under-represented in specialized mathematical journals. The ArMJ will try to compensate for this.

  • Problems, objectives, work in progress

    Most scholarly publications present results of a research project in their "final" form, in which all posed questions are answered. Some open questions and conjectures may be even mentioned but the very process of mathematical discovery remains hidden. Following Arnold, we will try to unhide this process and made it public by encouraging the authors to include informal discussion of their motivation, possibly unsuccessful lines of attack, experimental data and close by research directions. The journal intends to publish well-motivated research problems on a rather regular basis. Problems do not need to be original; an old problem with a new and exciting motivation is worth re-stating. Following Arnold's principle, a general formulation is less desirable than the simplest partial case that is still unknown.

  • Being interesting

    The most important requirement is that the article be interesting. It does not have to be limited by original research contributions of the author; however, the author's responsibility is to carefully acknowledge the authorship of all results. Neither does the article need to consist entirely of formal and rigorous arguments. It can contain parts, in which an informal author's understanding of the overall picture is presented; however, these parts must be clearly indicated. Including motivations, informal parts, descriptions of other lines of research, possibly conducted by other mathematicians, should serve this principal objective: being interesting.

1.  Types of Journal Articles

  • Research contribution.

    This is the classical format: a short (usually up to 20 pages) account of a research project containing original results and complete proofs of them. However, all of the above applies. Contributions containing very technical arguments may not be suitable for the ArMJ.

  • Research exposition.

    This is an exposition of a broad mathematical subject containing a description of recent results (proofs may be included or omitted), historical overview, motivations, open problems. A research exposition may take 60 pages or more.

  • Problem contribution.

    This is a description of an open problem. The problem must be well-motivated, illustrated by examples, and the importance of the problem must be explained. Alternatively, and closer to the original style of Arnold, a problem contribution may consist of a set of several problems that take very short space to state. Problems do not need to be original, however, the authorship must be carefully acknowledged. A problem contribution is meant to be short (normally, up to 4 pages, but exceptions are possible).

2.  Why the Name

There are many great mathematicians of the twentieth century. The choice of the name may look random (why not, say, "Gelfand Mathematical Journal"? - we are often asked) but we have very specific reasons for using the name of Vladimir Arnold.

  1. The principles, according to which the journal operates, are most accurately associated with Vladimir Arnold. He had been actively promoting these or similar principles.

  2. For many years, V. Arnold had been the Editor-in-Chief of the journal Functional Analysis and its Applications (FAA). In 2006, V. Arnold launched a new journal, Functional Analysis and Other Mathematics (FAOM). The initial composition of the ArMJ Editorial Board consists mostly of former editors of the FAOM.

  3. Despite the close connections with the FAA and the FAOM, we decided to avoid mentioning "Functional Analysis" in the name of the journal. These names have appeared historically, and have nothing to do with scientific principles of the journals. More than that, the names are even confusing: not all mathematicians could guess that, say, Functional Analysis and its Applications welcomes papers in all areas of mathematics, including algebra and number theory. On the other hand, we wanted to have an indication of these connections in the name of the journal. The name of Vladimir Arnold serves as this indication.

Editors

Editor-in-Chief:

   Sergei Tabachnikov, Pennsylvania State University (USA)
e-mail: sot2@psu.edu

Managing Editor:

   Maxim Arnold, University of Texas at Dallas (USA)
email: Maxim.Arnold@utdallas.edu

Editors:

Andrei Agrachev, International School for Advanced Studies (Italy)
e-mail: agrachevaa@gmail.com

Peter Albers, Heidelberg University (Germany)
e-mail: palbers@mathi.uni-heidelberg.de

Gal Binyamini, The Weizmann Institute of Science (Israel)
e-mail: gal.binyamini@weizmann.ac.il

Gil Bor, Centro de Investigaci\'on en Matem\'aticas (Mexico)
e-mail: gil@cimat.mx

Felix Chernous'ko, Institute for Problems in Mechanics, RAS (Russia)
e-mail: chern@ipmnet.ru

Bertrand Deroin, Cergy Paris Universit\'e (France)
bertrand.deroin@gmail.com

David Eisenbud, University of California, Berkeley (USA)
e-mail: de@msri.org

Uriel Frisch, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Nice (France)
e-mail: uriel@oca.eu; uriel@obs-nice.fr

Dmitry Fuchs, University of California, Davis (USA)
e-mail: fuchs@math.ucdavis.edu

Alexander Gaifullin, Steklov Mathematical Institute, Moscow (Russia)
e-mail: agaif@mi-ras.ru

Victor Goryunov, University of Liverpool (UK)
e-mail: Victor.Goryunov@liverpool.ac.uk

Sabir Gusein-Zade, Moscow State University (Russia)
e-mail: sabirg@list.ru

Yulij Ilyashenko, Higher School of Economics, Moscow (Russia)
e-mail: yulijs@gmail.com

Oleg Karpenkov, University of Liverpool (UK)
e-mail: O.Karpenkov@liverpool.ac.uk

Boris Khesin, University of Toronto (Canada)
e-mail: boris.khesin@math.toronto.edu

Askold Khovanskii, University of Toronto (Canada)
e-mail: askold@math.toronto.edu

Evgeny Mukhin, IUPI, Indianapolis (USA)
e-mail: emukhin@iupui.edu

Anatoly Neishtadt, Loughborough University (UK)
e-mail: A.Neishtadt@lboro.ac.uk

Evita Nestoridi, Stony Brook University (USA)
e-mail: Evrydiki.Nestoridi@stonybrook.edu

Greta Panova, University of Southern California (USA)
e-mail: gpanova@usc.edu

Dan Romik, University of California, Davis (USA)
e-mail: romik@math.ucdavis.edu

Frank Sottile, Texas A&M University (USA)
e-mail: sottile@tamu.edu

Vladlen Timorin, Higher School of Economics, Moscow (Russia)
e-mail: vtimorin@hotmail.com

Alexander Varchenko, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (USA)
e-mail: anv@email.unc.edu

Oleg Viro, Stony Brook University (USA)
e-mail: oleg.viro@gmail.com

Michael Yampolsky, University of Toronto
e-mail: yampol@math.toronto.edu


Advisors

Artur Avila, University of Zurich (Switzerland) and IMPA (Brasil)

Etienne Ghys, École normale supérieure de Lyon (France)

Dennis Sullivan, Stony Brook University and Graduate Center, CUNY (USA)


Editorial Council

Sergei Tabachnikov, Pennsylvania State University (Editor-in-Chief)

Maxim Arnold, University of Texas, Dallas (Managing Editor)

Vladlen Timorin, Higher School of Economics, Moscow

Oleg Viro, Stony Brook University (A representative of the IMS)

Sabir Gusein-Zade, Moscow State University

Askold Khovanskii, University of Toronto

Yulij Ilyashenko, Higher School of Economics, Moscow and Cornell University

Alexander Varchenko, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill



Journal of Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Stony Brook University, NY

Published by Association for Mathematical Research, Davis, CA; Jenkintown PA.

Submission